Amakuru - Reka twige ibyerekeye Sulfure

Sulfure ni ikintu kidakoresha icyuma gifite ikimenyetso cya S n'umubare wa atome wa 16. Sulfure y'umwimerere ni kristu y'umuhondo, izwi kandi nka sulfure cyangwa sulfure y'umuhondo. Sulfure y'ibanze ntishongera mu mazi, ishongera gato muri ethanol, kandi yoroshye gushonga muri disulfide ya karuboniCS₂.

1. Imiterere ifatika

Ubusanzwe sulfure ni kristu y'umuhondo werurutse, nta mpumuro cyangwa uburyohe ifite.
Sulfure ifite allotropes nyinshi, zose zigizwe na S₈Molekile zikora ku buryo bw'ikirere. Izikunze kugaragara cyane ni orthorhomb sulfur (izwi kandi nka rhombic sulfur, α-sulfur) na monoclinic sulfur (izwi kandi nka β-sulfur).
Sulfure ya Orthorhombic ni ubwoko bwa sulfure buhamye, kandi iyo ishyushye kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 100, ishobora gukonjeshwa kugira ngo ibone sulfure ya monoclinic. Ubushyuhe bwo guhinduka hagati ya sulfure ya orthorhombic na sulfure ya monoclinic ni dogere selisiyusi 95.6. Sulfure ya orhombic ni yo yonyine ihamye ya sulfure ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Imiterere yayo ni umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi (sulfure igurishwa ku isoko isa n'umuhondo mwinshi bitewe n'uko hari ingano nto ya cycloheptasulfur). Sulfure ya Orthorhombic mu by'ukuri ntishongera mu mazi, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara ubushyuhe, kandi ni icyuma cyiza cyo gukingira amashanyarazi.
Sulfure ya Monoclinic ni kristu zitabarika zimeze nk'urushinge zisigaye nyuma yo gushonga sulfure no gusuka amazi arenze. Sulfure ya Monoclinic orthorhombic ni ubwoko bwa sulfure y'ibanze ku bushyuhe butandukanye. Sulfure ya Monoclinic irahamye gusa hejuru ya 95.6 ℃, kandi ku bushyuhe, ihinduka buhoro buhoro sulfure ya orthorhombic. Ahantu ho gushonga kwa sulfure ya orthorhombic ni 112.8 ℃, aho gushonga kwa sulfure ya monoclinic ni 119 ℃. Zombi zirashonga cyane muri CS₂.
Hariho kandi na sulfur irabagirana. Sulfur irabagirana ni umuhondo wijimye, irabagirana idashonga cyane muri disulfide ya karubone kurusha izindi allotropes sulfur. Ntishonga mu mazi kandi irashonga gato muri alcool. Iyo sulfur ishongeshejwe isutswe vuba mu mazi akonje, sulfur y'umunyururu muremure irakomera, sulfur irakira. Ariko, izakomera uko igihe kigenda gihita ihinduka sulfur imwe.

2. Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire

Sulfure ishobora gutwika mu kirere, igahura na ogisijeni igahindura dioxyde de sulfur (SO_₂) gazi.
Sulfure ihura n'uturemangingo twose tw'amashanyarazi iyo ishyushye. Ishya muri fluorine igakora hexafluoride ya sulfure. Sulfure y'amazi irimo chlorine ikora disulfur dichloride ikarishye cyane (S)₂Cl₂). Uruvange rw'ingano rurimo dichloride y'umutuku wa sulfur (SCl) rushobora kubaho iyo chlorine irenze urugero kandi ikaba ari catalyst, nka FeCl₃cyangwa SnI_4,ikoreshwa.
Sulfure ishobora gukorana n'umuti ushyushye wa potasiyumu hidroksidi (KOH) ugatuma habaho potasiyumu sulfide na potasiyumu thiosulfate.
Sulfure ntigira icyo ikora hamwe n'amazi na aside idakora ogisijeni. Sulfure igira icyo ikora hamwe na aside nitrike ishyushye na aside sulfurike yikubise kandi ishobora gukurwamo aside sulfurike na dioxyde sulfure.

3. Ahantu ho gusaba akazi

Ikoreshwa mu nganda

Ingufu z'ingenzi za sulfure ni mu gukora ibintu bya sulfure nka aside sulfurike, sulfite, thiosulfates, ocyanates, sulfure dioxide, disulfide karubone, disulfure dichloride, phosphore ya trichlorosulfonated, phosphore sulf, na sulfide z'icyuma. Ibirenga 80% by'ikoreshwa rya sulfure ku isi buri mwaka bikoreshwa mu gukora aside sulfurike. Sulfure ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora sulfure ya vulcanized. Iyo sulfure mbisi ihinduwe vulcanized, igira ubwisanzure bwinshi, irwanya ubushyuhe, kandi ntishobora gushonga mu bintu biyungurura organic. Ibikoresho byinshi bya sulfure bikozwe muri sulfure ya vulcanized, ikorwa binyuze mu gukora sulfure mbisi hamwe na accelerators ku bushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka. Sulfure irakenewe kandi mu gukora ifu y'umukara n'ibisuguti, kandi ni imwe mu nganda z'ingenzi zikoreshwa mu gukora ibishashi by'umuriro. Byongeye kandi, sulfure ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora amarangi n'amabara ya sulfure. Urugero, gukoresha kalisiyumu mu mvange ya kaolini, karuboni, sulfur, diatomaceous earth, cyangwa ifu ya quartz bishobora gukora ibara ry'ubururu ryitwa ultramarine. Inganda zikora bleach n'inganda zikora imiti nazo zikoresha igice kimwe cya sulfur.

Gukoreshwa mu buvuzi

Sulfure ni kimwe mu bintu bigize imiti myinshi y’indwara z’uruhu. Urugero, amavuta ya tung ashyushywa na sulfure kugira ngo ahindurwe na aside sulfure hanyuma agashyirwamo amazi ya ammonia kugira ngo haboneke amavuta ya tung ya sulfone. Amavuta ya 10% akozwe muri yo afite ingaruka zo kugabanya ubushyuhe n’impiswi kandi ashobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye z’uruhu n’ibibyimba.

Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-09-2024