Intambwe n'ibipimo bya Cadmium

I. Gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo kubikora no kubitunganya mbere yo kubitunganya

1. ‌Gutegura ibiryo bya Cadmium bifite isuku nyinshi‌

• ‌Gukaraba aside‌: Shyiramo utubuto twa cadmium two mu rwego rw'inganda mu gisubizo cya aside nitrike ya 5%-10% kuri 40-60°C mu gihe cy'isaha 1-2 kugira ngo ukureho ogiside zo hejuru n'imyanda y'icyuma. Sukura n'amazi yakuwemo iyoni kugeza pH idafite aho ihuriye hanyuma wumishe.
• ‌Gusukura hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi‌: Shyira aside sulfurike irimo cadmium (urugero: umuringa-cadmium slag) kuri aside sulfurike (15-20% by'ubushyuhe) kuri 80-90°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 4-6, ugere ku musaruro wa ≥95% wa cadmium. Hindura hanyuma wongeremo ifu ya zinc (ikubye inshuro 1.2-1.5 stoichiometric ratio) kugira ngo ubone sponge cadmium‌

1. ‌Gushonga no Gutera‌

• Shyira cadmium mu byuma bya grafiti bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse, ushongeshe munsi y'ikirere cya argon kuri 320-350°C, hanyuma usuke mu byuma bya grafiti kugira ngo bikonje buhoro. Kora ibishingwe bifite ubucucike ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Gutunganya akarere

1. ‌Ibikoresho n'Ibipimo‌

• Koresha amatanura ashongesha ahantu hatambitse afite ubugari bwa mm 5-8, umuvuduko wo kunyuramo wa mm 3-5 / isaha, n'inzira zo gusukura 8-12. Ubushyuhe: 50-80 °C / cm; vacuum ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ‌Gutandukanya umwanda‌: Uduce dusubiwemo ducamo imyanda ya concentrate lead, zinc, n'indi myanda ku murizo w'ingot. Kuraho igice cya nyuma cyuzuyemo imyanda iri hagati ya 15-20%, ugera ku buziranenge buri hagati ya ≥99.999%.

1. ‌Igenzura ry'Ibyingenzi‌

• Ubushyuhe bw'agace kashongeshejwe: 400-450°C (hejuru gato y'aho cadmium ishongesherezaho ubushyuhe bwa 321°C);
• Igipimo cyo gukonjesha: 0.5-1.5°C/umunota kugira ngo bigabanye inenge zo mu ruziga;
• Igipimo cy'amazi ya Argon: 10-15 L/umunota kugira ngo hirindwe ko ogisijeni

III. Gutunganya Electrolytic

1. ‌Uburyo bwo gukora electrolyte‌

• Imiterere ya Electrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) na aside sulfurike (pH 2-3), hamwe na gelatin 0.01-0.05 g/L yongewemo kugira ngo yongere ubucucike bwa cathode

1. ‌Ibipimo by'Imikorere‌

• Anode: Isahani ya cadmium idafite isuku; Cathode: Isahani ya titanium;
• Ubucucike bw'ubu: 80-120 A/m²; Voltage y'uturemangingo: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Ubushyuhe bwa Electrolysis: 30-40°C; Igihe: amasaha 48-72; Ubuziranenge bwa Cathode ≥99.99%

IV. Gutunganya imashini igabanya ubushyuhe

1. ‌Kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi no gutandukana‌

• Shyira utubuto twa cadmium mu itanura rikoresha umwuka (igitutu ≤10⁻² Pa), shyiramo hidrojeni nk'ikintu gikuraho ubushyuhe, hanyuma ushyushye kugeza kuri 800-1000°C kugira ngo ugabanye ogiside ya cadmium muri cadmium y'umwuka. Ubushyuhe bwa kondenseri: 200-250°C; Ubuziranenge bwa nyuma ≥99.9995%

1. ‌Uburyo bwo gukuraho umwanda‌

• Imyanda isigaye y'icyuma, umuringa, n'indi myanda y'icyuma ≤0.1 ppm;
• Ingano ya ogisijeni ≤5 ppm

V. Czochralski Iterambere ry'Umucyo Utandukanye

1. ‌Kurwanya Gushonga no Gutegura Imbuto za Kristalo‌

• Shyira utubuto twa cadmium dufite ubuziranenge bwinshi mu duce twa quartz dufite ubuziranenge bwinshi, ushongeshe munsi ya argon kuri 340-360°C. Koresha imbuto za cadmium zifite ubugari bwa <100> (umurambararo wa mm 5-8), zishyizwemo ubushyuhe bwa 800°C kugira ngo ukureho stress imbere mu mubiri.

1. ‌Ibipimo byo Gukurura Kristalo‌

• Umuvuduko wo gukurura: 1.0-1.5 mm/umunota (intambwe ya mbere), 0.3-0.5 mm/umunota (ikura rihamye);
• Guhinduranya icyuma gishyuha: 5-10 rpm (guhinduranya icyuma gishyuha);
• Ubushyuhe: 2-5°C/mm; Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bw'aho ibintu bihurira n'amazi akomeye ≤±0.5°C

1. ‌Uburyo bwiza bwo gukumira inenge‌

• ‌Ubufasha ku butaka bwa rukuruzi‌: Shyira imbaraga rukuruzi za axial T 0.2-0.5 kugira ngo ugabanye turbulence yo gushonga no kugabanya imyanda;
• ‌Ubukonje bugenzurwa‌: Igipimo cyo gukonja nyuma yo gukura cya 10-20°C / isaha kigabanya inenge zo kwimuka ziterwa n'ubushyuhe.

VI. Gutunganya no kugenzura ubuziranenge nyuma yo gutunganya

1. ‌Imashini zikora kristalo‌

• ‌Gukata‌: Koresha insinga za diyama kugira ngo ukatemo utubuto twa 0.5-1.0 mm ku muvuduko w'insinga wa 20-30 m/s;
• ‌Gusukura‌: Gutunganya ubushyuhe bw'ibinyabutabire (CMP) hakoreshejwe uruvange rwa aside nitrike-ethanol (igipimo cya 1:5 vol.), bigatuma ubuso bukomera nka Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ‌Amahame y'Ubuziranenge‌

• ‌UbwizaGDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) yemeza Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ‌Ubushobozi bwo kwirinda‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (ubuziranenge ≥99.9999%);
• ‌Icyerekezo cya kristalografiya‌: Guhindagurika <0.5°; Ubucucike bw'aho umuntu aherereye ≤10³/cm²

VII. Amabwiriza yo kunoza imikorere

1. ‌Gukuraho umwanda mu buryo bugamije‌

• Koresha resins zo guhinduranya ioni mu buryo bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo gushyiramo Cu, Fe, n'ibindi, hamwe no gutunganya ahantu henshi kugira ngo ugere ku buziranenge bwa 6N (99.9999%)

1. ‌Kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga‌

• Algorithm za AI zihindura umuvuduko wo gukurura, imiterere y'ubushyuhe, nibindi, zikongera umusaruro kuva kuri 85% kugeza kuri 93%;
• Ongera ingano y'ubushyuhe bushobora gukoreshwa kugeza kuri santimetero 36, bigufasha gukoresha ingano imwe ya kg 2800, bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu kugeza kuri kWh 80 ku kg

1. ‌Kuramba no kugarura umutungo‌

• Ongera uhindure imyanda yoza aside binyuze mu guhinduranya iyoni (gusubiza Cd ≥99.5%);
• Sukura imyuka isohora umwuka ukoresheje uburyo bwo kugabanya umwuka wa karuboni (activated carbon adsorption) + alkaline scrubbing (Cd vapor recovery ≥98%)

Incamake

Uburyo bwo gukura no gutunganya kristu ya cadmium buhuza hydrometallurgy, gutunganya imiterere y’ubushyuhe bwinshi, n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukura neza kristu. Binyuze mu gusohora aside, gutunganya ahantu hatandukanye, gukoresha electrolysis, gusohora vacuum, no gukura kwa Czochralski—bifatanyije n’imikorere ikora neza kandi irengera ibidukikije—bituma habaho gukora neza kristu imwe ya cadmium ifite ubuziranenge buhanitse bwa 6N. Ibi bihura n’ibikenewe mu gupima ibyuma bya nuclear, ibikoresho bya photovoltaic, n’ibikoresho bya semiconductor bigezweho. Iterambere ry’ejo hazaza rizibanda ku gukura kwa kristu ku rwego runini, gutandukanya imyanda, no gukora kristu nkeya.