Gukura no Gutunganya 7N Tellurium Crystal

Gukura no Gutunganya 7N Tellurium Crystal

I. Gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo kubitunganya no kubitunganya mbere yo kubitunganya

1. ‌Guhitamo no Gusya Ibikoresho Bisanzwe‌

• ‌Ibisabwa ku bikoresho‌: Koresha tellurium ore cyangwa anode slime (ibipimo bya Te ≥5%), byaba byiza slime ya anode ishongesha umuringa (irimo Cu₂Te, Cu₂Se) nk'ibikoresho fatizo.
• ‌Uburyo bwo kuvura mbere yo kuvurwa:
• Gusya cyane kugeza ku ngano y'uduce ≤5mm, hagakurikiraho gusya umupira kugeza ku buso bwa ≤200;
• Gutandukanya ingufu za rukuruzi (ubukana bw'imbaraga za rukuruzi ≥0.8T) kugira ngo bikureho Fe, Ni, n'indi myanda ya rukuruzi;
• Ifuro rihindagurika (pH=8-9, xanthate collectors) kugira ngo ritandukanye SiO₂, CuO, n'indi myanda itari iy'amashanyarazi.
• ‌Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda‌: Irinde ko amazi ashira mu gihe cyo kuyatunganya mbere yo kuyateka (bisaba kuyumisha mbere yo kuyateka); genzura ubushuhe bw'ikirere ≤30%.

1. ‌Guteka no gusiga ogisijeni hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya Pyrometallurgiska‌

• ‌Ibipimo by'Imikorere:
• Ubushyuhe bwo gukaranga ogisijeni: 350–600°C (igenzura ryimbitse: ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwo gusukura sulfuri, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gusukura oksidi);
• Igihe cyo guteka: amasaha 6–8, hamwe n'igipimo cya O₂ cy'amazi ari hagati ya 5–10 L/umunota;
• Reagent: aside sulfurike yivanze (98% H₂SO₄), igipimo cy'uburemere Te₂SO₄ = 1:1.5.
• ‌Uburyo bwo gukora imiti:
  Cu2Te + 2O2 + 2H2SO4 → 2CuSO4 + TeO2 + 2H2OCu2 Te + 2O2 + 2H2 SO4 → 2CuSO4 + TeO2 + 2H2 O
• ‌Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda‌: Genzura ubushyuhe ≤600°C kugira ngo wirinde ko TeO₂ ihinduka (aho ishyuha 387°C); sukura imyuka isohora umwuka ukoresheje imashini zisukura za NaOH.

II. Gutunganya amashanyarazi no gukwirakwiza imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi

1. ‌Gutunganya amashanyarazi‌

• ‌Sisitemu ya Electrolyte:
• Imiterere ya Electrolyte: H₂SO₄ (80–120g/L), TeO₂ (40–60g/L), inyongera (gelatin 0.1–0.3g/L);
• Kugenzura ubushyuhe: 30–40°C, umuvuduko w'amazi atemberamo ni 1.5–2 m³/h.
• ‌Ibipimo by'Imikorere:
• Ubucucike bw'ubu: 100–150 A/m², voltage y'uturemangingo 0.2–0.4V;
• Intera ya electrode: 80–120mm, ubugari bwa cathode deposition 2–3mm/8h;
• Ubushobozi bwo gukuraho umwanda: Cu ≤5ppm, Pb ≤1ppm.
• ‌Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda‌: Kuyungurura electrolyte buri gihe (ubuziranenge ≤1μm); gusiga neza ubuso bwa anode mu buryo bwa mekanike kugira ngo budahinduka.

1. ‌Gutunganya ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum‌

• ‌Ibipimo by'Imikorere:
• Urwego rw'umwuka uvamo umwuka: ≤1×10⁻²Pa, ubushyuhe bwo gusya 600–650°C;
• Ubushyuhe bw'agace ka kondensateri: 200–250°C, Uburyo bwo guhumeka kw'umwuka wa Te ≥95%;
• Igihe cyo gushyushya: amasaha 8–12, ubushobozi bwo gukora rimwe gusa ≤50kg.
• ‌Gukwirakwiza umwandaImyanda ishyuha cyane (Se, S) irundanye imbere ya kondensateri; imyanda ishyuha cyane (Pb, Ag) iguma mu bisigazwa.
• ‌Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda‌: Sisitemu yo gusohora imashini mbere yo kuyikoresha kugeza kuri ≤5×10⁻³Pa mbere yo kuyishyushya kugira ngo hirindwe ko ikoreshwa mu gushyushya.

III. Gukura kwa kristu (Kristalo ishingiye ku cyerekezo)

1. ‌Imiterere y'ibikoresho‌

• ‌Ingero z'ifuru yo gukuraho kristalo‌: TDR-70A/B (ubushobozi bwa 30kg) cyangwa TRDL-800 (ubushobozi bwa 60kg);
• Ibikoresho byo mu ibumba: Grafiti ifite isuku nyinshi (ibipimo by'ivu ≤5ppm), ingano Φ300×400mm;
• Uburyo bwo gushyushya: Gushyushya birwanya Graphite, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwa 1200°C.

1. ‌Ibipimo by'Imikorere‌

• ‌Kugenzura Gushonga:
• Ubushyuhe bwo gushonga: 500–520°C, uburebure bw'ikidendezi cyo gushonga ni 80–120mm;
• Gazi irinda: Ar (ubuziranenge ≥99.999%), igipimo cy'amazi ava kuri 10–15 L/umunota.
• ‌Ibipimo by'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya kristalo:
• Igipimo cyo gukurura: 1–3mm/h, umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka kwa kristu ni 8–12rpm;
• Ubushyuhe bungana: Axial 30–50°C/cm, radial ≤10°C/cm;
• Uburyo bwo gukonjesha: Ishingiro ry'umuringa wakonjeshejwe n'amazi (ubushyuhe bw'amazi 20–25°C), gukonjesha hejuru hakoreshejwe imirasire.

1. ‌Kugenzura umwanda‌

• ‌Ingaruka zo gutandukanya abantu‌: Imyanda nka Fe, Ni (igipimo cyo gutandukanya <0.1) yikusanyiriza ku mbibi z'ingano;
• ‌Imizunguruko yo Guhindura Ingufu‌: Ingendo 3–5, imyanda yose ya nyuma ≤0.1ppm.

1. ‌Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda:

• Upfuke ubuso bushongeshejwe n'ibice bya grafiti kugira ngo ugabanye ihindagurika rya Te (igipimo cy'igihombo ≤0.5%);
• Kugenzura umurambararo wa kristu mu gihe nyacyo ukoresheje ibipimo bya laser (ubunyangamugayo ± 0.1mm);
• Irinde ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe >±2°C kugira ngo wirinde ko ubucucike bw'ibice byiyongera (intego ≤10³/cm²).

IV. Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge n'Ibipimo by'Ingenzi

V. Amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije n'umutekano

1. ‌Uburyo bwo kuvura imyuka ihumanya ikirere:

• Guteka umwotsi uva mu ifu: Kurandura SO₂ na SeO₂ ukoresheje imashini zo gusukura za NaOH (pH≥10);
• Ibyuka bisukura umwuka: Bika umwuka wa Te uvanze kandi ugarure umwuka wa Te; imyuka isigaye inyuzwa muri karubone ikora.

1. ‌Gusubiramo Ibisigazwa by'Imyanda:

• Anode slime (irimo Ag, Au): Isubiramo binyuze mu gukoresha hydrometallurgy (H₂SO₄-HCl system);
• Ibisigazwa bya electrolysis (birimo Pb, Cu): Gusubira mu buryo bwo gushongesha umuringa.

1. ‌Ingamba z'umutekano:

• Abakoresha bagomba kwambara udupfukamunwa twa gaze (Umwotsi wa Te ni uburozi); bagumane umwuka uhumeka nabi (igipimo cy'ihindagurika ry'umwuka ≥ cycles 10/h).

Amabwiriza yo kunoza ibikorwa

1. ‌Guhindura Ibikoresho Bisanzwe‌: Hindura ubushyuhe bwo gukaranga n'igipimo cya aside ukurikije amasoko y'umucanga wa anode (urugero, umuringa ugereranije n'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma cya lead);
2. ‌Guhuza Igipimo cyo Gukurura Crystal‌: Hindura umuvuduko wo gukurura ukurikije uburyo bwo gushonga (nomero ya Reynolds Re≥2000) kugira ngo ugabanye uburyo bwo gukonjesha cyane mu buryo bw'amategeko;
3. ‌Gukoresha neza ingufu‌: Koresha ubushyuhe bubiri (agace k'ingenzi ka 500°C, agace gato ka 400°C) kugira ngo ugabanye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zirwanya grafiti ho 30%.